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44. Woodrow Wilson, Message to Congress, April 2, 1917, inU.S. Presidents and Foreign Policy from 1789 to the Present, ed. Carl C. Hodge and Cathal J. Nolan (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2007), 396.
45. “Peace Without Victory,” January 22, 1917, in supplement toAmerican Journal of International Law 11 (1917): 323.
46. Wilson, Message to Congress, April 2, 1917, inPresident Wilson’s Great Speeches, and Other History, Making Documents (Chicago: Stanton and Van Vliet, 1917), 17–18.
47. Woodrow Wilson, Fifth Annual Message, December 4, 1917, inUnited States Congressional Serial Set 7443 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1917), 41.
48. Woodrow Wilson, “An Address at Mount Vernon,” July 4, 1918, in Link,Papers, 48:516.
49. Wilson, Message to Congress, April 2, 1917,President Wilson’s Great Speeches, 18.
50. Wilson, Fifth Annual Message, December 4, 1917, in The Foreign Policy of President Woodrow Wilson: Messages, Addresses and Papers,ed. James Brown Scott (New York: Oxford University Press, 1918), 306.
51. Ibid. See also Berg, Wilson, 472–73.
52. Woodrow Wilson, Remarks at Suresnes Cemetery on Memorial Day, May 30, 1919, in Link,Papers, 59:608–9.
53. Lloyd George, Wilson memorandum, March 25, 1919, in Ray Stannard Baker, ed.,Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1922), 2:450. For a conference participant’s account of the sometimes less than idealistic process by which the new national borders were drawn, see Harold Nicolson,Peacemaking, 1919 (1933; London: Faber & Faber, 2009). For a contemporary analysis, see Margaret MacMillan,Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World(New York: Random House, 2002).
54. Address, January 22, 1917, in Link,Papers, 40:536–37.
55. Wilson, Message to Congress, April 2, 1917,President Wilson’s Great Speeches, 18.
56. Wilson, Address to a Joint Session of Congress on the Conditions of Peace (January 8, 1918) (“Fourteen Points”), inPresident Wilson’s Great Speeches, 18. See also Berg, Wilson, 469–72.
57. 一般情况下，在主要大国力量没有直接卷入的地区，当它们都认为有必要监控有关国家之间协议的落实情况时，联合国提供了有益的维和机制。联合国比国联强得多，履行了许多重要职能：为处于困难中的外交接触提供论坛，完成了几次重大的维和行动，推出了许多人道主义举措。这些国际机制未能做到也不可能完成的是：当大国有分歧的时候，它们无法参与判断哪一项具体行为构成了侵略，无法决定采取什么方式抵制侵略。
58. “Differences Between the North Atlantic Treaty and Traditional Military Alliances,” appendix to the testimony of Ambassador Warren Austin, April 28, 1949, in U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations,The North Atlantic Treaty, hearings, 81st Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1949), pt. I.
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45. “Peace Without Victory,” January 22, 1917, in supplement toAmerican Journal of International Law 11 (1917): 323.
46. Wilson, Message to Congress, April 2, 1917, inPresident Wilson’s Great Speeches, and Other History, Making Documents (Chicago: Stanton and Van Vliet, 1917), 17–18.
47. Woodrow Wilson, Fifth Annual Message, December 4, 1917, inUnited States Congressional Serial Set 7443 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1917), 41.
48. Woodrow Wilson, “An Address at Mount Vernon,” July 4, 1918, in Link,Papers, 48:516.
49. Wilson, Message to Congress, April 2, 1917,President Wilson’s Great Speeches, 18.
50. Wilson, Fifth Annual Message, December 4, 1917, in The Foreign Policy of President Woodrow Wilson: Messages, Addresses and Papers,ed. James Brown Scott (New York: Oxford University Press, 1918), 306.
51. Ibid. See also Berg, Wilson, 472–73.
52. Woodrow Wilson, Remarks at Suresnes Cemetery on Memorial Day, May 30, 1919, in Link,Papers, 59:608–9.
53. Lloyd George, Wilson memorandum, March 25, 1919, in Ray Stannard Baker, ed.,Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1922), 2:450. For a conference participant’s account of the sometimes less than idealistic process by which the new national borders were drawn, see Harold Nicolson,Peacemaking, 1919 (1933; London: Faber & Faber, 2009). For a contemporary analysis, see Margaret MacMillan,Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World(New York: Random House, 2002).
54. Address, January 22, 1917, in Link,Papers, 40:536–37.
55. Wilson, Message to Congress, April 2, 1917,President Wilson’s Great Speeches, 18.
56. Wilson, Address to a Joint Session of Congress on the Conditions of Peace (January 8, 1918) (“Fourteen Points”), inPresident Wilson’s Great Speeches, 18. See also Berg, Wilson, 469–72.
57. 一般情况下，在主要大国力量没有直接卷入的地区，当它们都认为有必要监控有关国家之间协议的落实情况时，联合国提供了有益的维和机制。联合国比国联强得多，履行了许多重要职能：为处于困难中的外交接触提供论坛，完成了几次重大的维和行动，推出了许多人道主义举措。这些国际机制未能做到也不可能完成的是：当大国有分歧的时候，它们无法参与判断哪一项具体行为构成了侵略，无法决定采取什么方式抵制侵略。
58. “Differences Between the North Atlantic Treaty and Traditional Military Alliances,” appendix to the testimony of Ambassador Warren Austin, April 28, 1949, in U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations,The North Atlantic Treaty, hearings, 81st Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1949), pt. I.
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